Indian Economy Mock Test answers by Gargi Sagar

Q1. 1) Kumarappa committee
Kumarappa committee was appointed after independence to inquire and do a deeper study of agrarian relations of the country at that time. It was an agrarian reforms committee under chairmanship of J C Kumarappa. The committee tabled its report in 1949 which influenced the evolution of agrarian reforms in post independence period. It suggested that the intermediaries between the soil tillers and the state should be abolished and land should belong to the cultivators.
2) Bhoodan and gramdan
Bhoodan was a movement that was launched in Telangana region of AP in 1951 after the peasant uprising. Gramdan was launched in 1957. Under these movements the soil tillers and peasants were to contribute their land to the village associations, after which the land would become the property of village association for equal distribution for joint cultivation. The movement failed as the land acquisition and land distribution was very limited.
3) Tribal land
Land belonging to tribal people is being refered to as tribal land here. All the states have taken certain measures by passing laws to prevent alienation of tribals from their land. Transfer of land from tribal to non tribal has been prohibited. Loopholes in the administrative system was not able to prevent alienation. Existence of moneylenders, poverty, acquisition for irrigation and dams were some of the main reasons responsible for Tribal alienation.
8) Land reforms
Land reforms means improving land tenure and institutions related to agriculture, redistribution of poverty rights for benefit of landless poor and to remove barriers for economic and social development caused by deficiencies in the existing land tenure system.
5) Direct and Indirect tax
Direct taxes are the taxes who burden of tax and liability to pay falls in one person like income tax, corporation tax, wealth tax etc. Indirect taxes are the taxes whose liability to pay is on one person and burden is on another person.

Q2. a) As discussed above under Kumarappa committee the agrarian reforms committee suggested that the intermediaries should be abolished. Along with that the committee also recommended that the leasing of land should be abolished except in certain cases of widow. minors and cultivators with disability. To further strengthen the view point, five year plans implemented the idea stating abolition of intermediaries and a rightful place for tillers in the agrarian system.
But in order to avoid eviction of land tenants landlords used certain primitive measures like defective land records, oral lease etc. To act on these illegal acts by the landlords, state governments enacted certain laws to ensure security of tenure.
The state governments thus enacted the land reforms on the following four patterns :-
1. concealed tenancy continued
2. Banned tenancy without exceptions
3. Reverse tenancy, but tenancy continued
4. did not ban leasing-out but recognised tenants. (Operation Barga in West Bengal)