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Human migration is movement by humans from one place to
another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this
movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous
population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic
people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Migration has
continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region,
country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade,
trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a
territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called
emigrants. Migration has been an integral part and important facto
1.
First waves during colonial period when millions
of indentured labourer were sent to different colonies. All such migration were
covered under the time bound contract known as Girmit Act.
2.
Second waves ventured out into the neighbouring countries
in recent times as artisans, traders and factory workers.
3.
Third waves which is most important comprised professional
like doctors, engineers etc. to many developed countries. Which contributing
development of those countries.
Migration which occur inside the home country may be of different
type like interstate and intra-state. Which can be further divided into
rural-rural, rural to urban, urban to rural etc. in all cases migration of
women accounted more than the man except in cases of rural to urban migration
under the inter-state migration which is due to the marriage.
Causes of migration- there are variety of reasons for
migration but they can be put under two broad categories: 1. Push factor 2.
Pull factor
Push factor are those which forces people to migrate from
rural areas to urban areas like poverty, high population pressure on the land,
lack of basic infrastructure or disaster’s event while better opportunities, availability of regular
work, basic facilities are important pull factor.
Consequences of migration – migration is the responses to
the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. This have both negative as
well as positive impact.
1. Economic consequences- remittance to the sources region is major benefit. It is one of the major source of foreign exchange. Migration also helped in success of green revolution due to movement of huge labour from U.P., Bihar to Haryana, Punjab etc. but this is the only one face which looks shiny while another face which is black and ugly is in the form of overcrowding of cities, concentration of slums etc.
2. Demographic consequences- it cause redistribution of population in a country. In this way it leads to population growth of cities and serious age and sex imbalance of a region.
3. Social consequences – migrant generally act as agent of social change. Various social and development idea like girls education, family planning etc. diffused from urban to rural population through these channel. It also helps in intermixing of people of various culture and evolution of a composite culture. While it helps in integration of country, it also cause increase in crime due to anonymity which creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individual.
4. Environmental consequences – overcrowding in cities leads to highs pressure on limited natural resources and also responsible for increase pollution
5. Other factors like extra physical and mental pressure on women when their husband migrated to urban area. Migration of women to urban areas resulted into the women empowerment and active participation in the growth of countries while making them more vulnerable. It is true that remittance is the major benefit out of migration but on the cost of loss of skilled people which ultimately resulted into the underdevelopment of sources region.
1. Economic consequences- remittance to the sources region is major benefit. It is one of the major source of foreign exchange. Migration also helped in success of green revolution due to movement of huge labour from U.P., Bihar to Haryana, Punjab etc. but this is the only one face which looks shiny while another face which is black and ugly is in the form of overcrowding of cities, concentration of slums etc.
2. Demographic consequences- it cause redistribution of population in a country. In this way it leads to population growth of cities and serious age and sex imbalance of a region.
3. Social consequences – migrant generally act as agent of social change. Various social and development idea like girls education, family planning etc. diffused from urban to rural population through these channel. It also helps in intermixing of people of various culture and evolution of a composite culture. While it helps in integration of country, it also cause increase in crime due to anonymity which creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individual.
4. Environmental consequences – overcrowding in cities leads to highs pressure on limited natural resources and also responsible for increase pollution
5. Other factors like extra physical and mental pressure on women when their husband migrated to urban area. Migration of women to urban areas resulted into the women empowerment and active participation in the growth of countries while making them more vulnerable. It is true that remittance is the major benefit out of migration but on the cost of loss of skilled people which ultimately resulted into the underdevelopment of sources region.
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